Land use and farm activities are shown by a study to be a significant source of food-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
In the largest analysis of data of global food systems to date, published in the journal Science by Joseph Poore and Thomas Nemecek, beef comes up as the most polluting food source, followed by lamb and mutton. The study looks at global data across more than 38,000 commercial farms and 119 countries, as shown by Our World in Data.
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The study shows that in the case of most foods, GHG emissions are largely a result of land use change and from processes at the farm, whereas transport accounts for a small level of total emissions.
Land use change refers to the carbon sequestration opportunity loss of a given area, such as when land is used for grazing but could instead have been occupied by forest.
According to the study, land use and farm-stage emissions (such as those produced by fertiliser application and livestock’s enteric fermentation) account for more than 80% of the footprint for most foods.
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The study shows the GHG emissions of different foods in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), and the disparity between animal and plant-based sources is immense. Where beef produces 85kg of CO2e per kilogram in the production and transport alone, peas – a popular plant-based protein source – produce 0.9kg of CO2e per kilogram.
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By GlobalDataTofu, also a well-known plant-based protein source alternative to animal meat, produces around 2.9kg of CO2e per kilogram, while poultry meat – the most popular choice of meat across the world – produces approximately 8.4kg.
Cheese is also a large source of GHG emissions, with 21.3kg of CO2e per kilogram, while lamb and mutton are the meat food sources that rank second in the study, with 33.8kg of CO2e per kilogram of meat.
The Poore and Nemecek study offers yet more fuel for critics of the meat industry and the damage it does in the battle against climate change. What impact this will have on consumers and their eating habits remains to be seen.
